# 一.XSS(payload)
# 1.案例一
# 1.1 前端部分
- 登陆页
- 信息页
实现 XSS 攻击的恶意脚本被称为 XSS payload
- 窃取用户的 Cookie document.cookie
- 识别用户浏览器 navigator.userAgent
- 伪造请求 GET POST 请求
- XSS 钓鱼 通过 XSS 向网页上注入钓鱼链接,让用户访问假冒的网站
# 1.2 后端部分
const express = require("express")
const app = express()
const path = require("path")
const bodyParser = require("body-parser")
const cookieParser = require("cookie-parser")
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }))
app.use(bodyParser.json())
app.use(express.static(path.resolve(__dirname, "public")))
app.use(cookieParser())
app.get("/cookie", function(req, res) {
res.send(req.query.cookie)
})
app.listen(3001)
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let comment = JSON.stringify({ content: "<script>alert(100)</script>" })
let options = {
host: "localhost",
port: 3002,
path: "/api/comments",
method: "POST",
headers: {
Cookie: "sessionId=session-1536460279485397.5640618347227",
"Content-Type": "application/json",
},
}
let http = require("http")
let req = http.request(options, function(res) {
res.on("data", function() {
console.log(res.toString(0))
})
})
req.write(comment)
req.end()
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const express = require("express")
const app = express()
const path = require("path")
const bodyParser = require("body-parser")
const cookieParser = require("cookie-parser")
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }))
app.use(bodyParser.json())
app.use(express.static(path.resolve(__dirname, "public")))
app.use(cookieParser())
let defaultComment = {
time: new Date().toLocaleString(),
avatar: "http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/836875012qq.com.png",
}
let comments = [{ username: "张三", content: "今天下雨", ...defaultComment }]
app.get("/api/comments", function(req, res) {
res.json({ code: 0, comments })
})
//后台过滤
function htmlEscape(str) {
return String(str)
.replace(/>/g, ">")
.replace(/</g, "<")
.replace(/&/g, "&")
.replace(/"/g, """)
.replace(/'/g, "'")
}
app.post("/api/comments", function(req, res) {
let session = sessions[req.cookies.sessionId]
if (session && session.user) {
let comment = req.body
comments.push({
...defaultComment,
username: session.user.username,
content: htmlEscape(comment.content),
})
res.json({ code: 0 })
} else {
res.json({ code: 1, error: "用户未登陆,不能发表评论" })
}
})
let users = [
{ username: "a", password: "a" },
{ username: "b", password: "b" },
]
function getAdmin(user) {
for (let i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (
users[i].username == user.username &&
users[i].password == user.password
) {
return users[i]
}
}
}
let sessions = {}
app.post("/api/login", function(req, res) {
let body = req.body
let user = getAdmin(body)
if (user) {
let sessionId = "session-" + Date.now() + Math.random() * 1000
res.cookie("sessionId", sessionId, { httpOnly: true })
sessions[sessionId] = { user }
res.json({ code: 0, user })
} else {
res.json({ code: 1, error: "用户密码错误" })
}
})
app.listen(3002)
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# 2.httpOnly
给 cookie 设置 httpOnly 属性 脚本无法读取该 Cookie,自己也不能用,非根本解决 XSS
# 2.1 前端部分
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>登录</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<form onsubmit="login(event)">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="username">用户名</label>
<input id="username" class="form-control" placeholder="用户名">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="password">密码</label>
<input id="password" class="form-control" placeholder="密码">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="登录">
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<script>
function login() {
let username = $('#username').val();
let password = $('#password').val();
$.post('/api/login', { username, password }).then(data => {
if (data.code == 0) {
location.href = `/user.html?username=${username}`;
}
$('#username').val('');
$('#password').val('');
});
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
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user.html
<script>
document.write(document.cookie)
</script>
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# 2.2 后端部分
server.js
let users = [{
username: 'a',
password: '123456',
avatar: 'http://cn.gravatar.com/avatar/01459f970ce17cd9e1e783160ecc951a'
},
{
username: 'b',
password: '123456',
avatar: 'http://cn.gravatar.com/avatar/01459f970ce17cd9e1e783160ecc951a'
}];
let userSessions = {};
app.post('/api/login', function (req, res) {
let body = req.body;
let user;
for (let i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (body.username == users[i].username && body.password == users[i].password) {
user = users[i];
break;
}
}
if (user) {
const sessionId = 'user*' + Math.random() \* 1000;
res.cookie('username', user.username);
res.cookie('sessionId', sessionId, { httpOnly: true });
userSessions[sessionId] = {};
res.json({ code: 0, user });
} else {
res.json({ code: 1, data: '没有该用户' });
}
});
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# 3.转义
# 3.1 URL 编码
- 一般来说,URL 只能使用英文字母(a-zA-Z)、数字(0-9)、-*.~4 个特殊字符以及所有
(;,/?:@&=+\$#)
保留字符。 - 如果使用了一些其他文字和特殊字符,则需要通过编码的方式来进行表示
var url1 = "http://www.珠峰培训.com" //包含汉字 encodeURI(url1));//http://www.%E7%8F%A0%E5%B3%B0.com
var url2 = "http://www.a.com?名称=珠峰" //键为汉字
var url3 = "http://a.com?name=?&" //值的内容为特殊符号
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- encodeURI encodeURI 是用来编码 URI 的,最常见的就是编码一个 URL。encodeURI 会将需要编码的字符转换为 UTF-8 的格式。对于保留字符
(;,/?:@&=+\$#)
,以及非转义字符(字母数字以及 -\_.!~\*'())
不会进行转义。 - encodeURI 不转义&、?和= encodeURI(url3);//http://a.com?name=?&
- encodeURIComponent 是用来编码 URI 参数的,它会跳过非转义字符
(字母数字以及-\_.!~\*'())
。但会转义 URL 的 保留字符(;,/?:@&=+\$#,encodeURIComponent(url3))
;// http%3A%2F%2Fa.com%3Fname%3D%3F%26 - 所有完整编码一个 URL 字符串需要 encodeURI 和 encodeURIComponent 联合使用 console.log(encodeURI('http://a.com?name=') + encodeURIComponent('?&')); http://a.com?name=%3F%26
# 3.2 HTML 编码
在 HTML 中,某些字符是预留的,比如不能使用小于号(<)和大于号(>),这是因为浏览器会误认为它们是标签。如果希望正确地显示预留字符,我们必须在 HTML 源代码中使用字符实体(character entities) HTML 编码分为:
- HTML 十六进制编码 &#xH;
- HTML 十进制编码 &#D;
- HTML 实体编码 < 等
在 HTML 进制编码中其中的数字则是对应字符的 unicode 字符编码。 比如单引号的 unicode 字符编码是 27,则单引号可以被编码为'
function htmlEncode(str) {
return String(str)
.replace(/&/g, "&")
.replace(/"/g, """)
.replace(/'/g, "'")
.replace(/</g, "<")
.replace(/>/g, ">")
}
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完整实体
# 3.3 Javascript 转义
avaScript 中有些字符有特殊用途,如果字符串中想使用这些字符原来的含义,需要使用反斜杠对这些特殊符号进行转义。我们称之为 Javascript 编码
- 三个八进制数字,如果不够个数,前面补 0,例如 “e” 编码为“\145”
- 两个十六进制数字,如果不够个数,前面补 0,例如 “e” 编码为“\x65”
- 四个十六进制数字,如果不够个数,前面补 0,例如 “e” 编码为“\u0065”
- 对于一些控制字符,使用特殊的 C 类型的转义风格(例如\n 和\r)
var str = "zfpx"";
var str = "zfpx\"";
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# 3.4 输入检查
- 永远不要相信用户的输入
- 用户格式判断 白名单
- 过滤危险字符 去除
- 事件属性中 加入房间
# 3.5 URL 解析环境
使用之前要做 urlencode()
url 中 link
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="intag"></div>
<div id="tagAttr"></div>
<div id="inEvent"></div>
<div id="inLink"></div>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<script>
function htmlEncode(str) {
return String(str)
.replace(/&/g, "&")
.replace(/"/g, """)
.replace(/'/g, "'")
.replace(/</g, "<")
.replace(/>/g, ">")
}
let data = {
desc: "<script>alert(1);<\/script>",
clsName: '"><script>alert(2);<\/script>',
url: '"><script>alert(3);<\/script>',
id: '"><script>alert(4);<\/script>',
}
$("#intag").html(htmlEncode(data.desc))
$("#tagAttr").html(
`<a class = "${htmlEncode(data.clsName)}">标签属性中</a>`
)
$("#inEvent").html(
`<a href="#" onclick = "go('${data.url}')">事件参数</a>`
)
$("#inLink").html(
`<a href="http://localhost:3000/articles/${encodeURI(
data.id
)}">link</a>`
)
function go(url) {
console.log(url)
}
//使用“\”对特殊字符进行转义,除数字字母之外,小于127使用16进制“\xHH”的方式进行编码,大于用unicode(非常严格模式)。
var JavaScriptEncode = function(str) {
var hex = new Array(
"0",
"1",
"2",
"3",
"4",
"5",
"6",
"7",
"8",
"9",
"a",
"b",
"c",
"d",
"e",
"f"
)
function changeTo16Hex(charCode) {
return "\\x" + charCode.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)
}
function encodeCharx(original) {
var found = true
var thecharchar = original.charAt(0)
var thechar = original.charCodeAt(0)
switch (thecharchar) {
case "\n":
return "\\n"
break //newline
case "\r":
return "\\r"
break //Carriage return
case "'":
return "\\'"
break
case '"':
return '\\"'
break
case "\&":
return "\\&"
break
case "\\":
return "\\\\"
break
case "\t":
return "\\t"
break
case "\b":
return "\\b"
break
case "\f":
return "\\f"
break
case "/":
return "\\x2F"
break
case "<":
return "\\x3C"
break
case ">":
return "\\x3E"
break
default:
found = false
break
}
if (!found) {
if (thechar > 47 && thechar < 58) {
//数字
return original
}
if (thechar > 64 && thechar < 91) {
//大写字母
return original
}
if (thechar > 96 && thechar < 123) {
//小写字母
return original
}
if (thechar > 127) {
//大于127用unicode
var c = thechar
var a4 = c % 16
c = Math.floor(c / 16)
var a3 = c % 16
c = Math.floor(c / 16)
var a2 = c % 16
c = Math.floor(c / 16)
var a1 = c % 16
return "\\u" + hex[a1] + hex[a2] + hex[a3] + hex[a4] + ""
} else {
return changeTo16Hex(original)
}
}
}
var preescape = str
var escaped = ""
var i = 0
for (i = 0; i < preescape.length; i++) {
escaped = escaped + encodeCharx(preescape.charAt(i))
}
return escaped
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
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